Web1. Introduction. By definition “Human Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment of, management of, and providing direction for WebThe main functions performed by Human Resource Management are: ADVERTISEMENTS: (i) Determining the number & types of employees required. (ii) Recruitment, selection & Web5/10/ · Section 2: The Role of HRM. According to Mullins (), the role of human resources management is to ensure that management deals effectively with everything
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Creating and gaining competitive edge in the market in modern worlds lies in how well people are managed in the organization. At the same time, it has been established that, the traditional models of management have become inappropriate in the modern environment, a situation that has led to establishment of new models of management Armstrong, The growth of human resource management HRM can be linked to this concern for establishment of new models of management, hrm essay. Human resource management derives diverse definitions as observed by Storey a situation that has precipitated debate in the field for a long time Bratton and Gold, Armstrong sees the role of human resource management as holistic whereby, HRM has to serve the interests of the business but at same time remain keen to fulfilling the interests of the people in the business.
HRM is critical in the management of modern organization, especially from the strategic perspective. The essence of this paper is to look at the emergence of HRM as well as how strategically it has evolved into, hrm essay, hrm essay in achieving competitiveness of organizations. Different authors have defined HRM differently, mainly due to lack of agreed framework to understand and analyze the HR functions and activities Bratton and Gold, hrm essay, For instance, the functions of HR are perceived as infinitely fluid, hrm essay, largely contingent, and largely influenced by external contexts of age. Nevertheless, the history of HRM indicate that, the field has continuously experienced changes and modification of its priorities in order to respond well to the external socio-economic factors, which are beyond control by hrm essay organization and its managers Bratton and Gold, hrm essay, Hrm essay, despite these differences, there is clear observation that definitions that have emerged concentrate on defining HRM by examining and exploring the functions, roles, and aspects of modern HRM hrm essay diverse organizations.
Marchington and Wilkinson perceive HRM as process where management of employment is fostered and achieved. Torrington et al, hrm essay. Different reasons led to emergence of HRM in early s, which have continuously persisted into the modern world. Some of the factors hrm essay led to this include search for competitive advantage, search for modes and methods of excellence, the failure of management failure to promote potential benefit of effective management of people, change of nature of work, and many more Torrington, Hall and Taylor, Industrial revolution in which the new field of HRM emerged was characterized by increased use of technology, and this situation increased requirements of skill and knowledge, restructuring of production, new quality system requirements, and demand of better educated new generation of workmen who had higher expectations from the organizations Torrington, Hall and Taylor, The history of HRM before s can be traced by using the six periods or themes Torrington, hrm essay, Hall, and Taylor, According to this theme, HRM has its roots in the 19th century and the foundation of the field can be linked to the works of social reformers such as Lord Shaftesbury and Robert Owen Torrington, Hall, and Taylor, hrm essay, The two social reformers are credited to their consistency in criticizing free enterprise system, which created more hardships to workers and was only interested in exploiting the workers to the maximum.
Towards the end of 19th century and early 20th century, employers started to appoint welfare officers tasked with responsibility of managing new initiatives for improving work conditions Torrington, Hall, and Taylor, hrm essay, Welfare officers came up with unemployment benefits, sick pays, and subsidized housing to employees. The second period is termed as humane bureaucracy, which witnessed increase roles hrm essay responsibilities hrm essay personnel managers to staffing, training, and organization design. This period of HRM development was greatly influenced by works of social scientist like F. Taylor and Henry Fayol whose focus was on efficiency of management and administrative processes. At the same time, this period of development was heavily influenced by Human Relations School, hrm essay, which looked at how industrial conflicts and dehumanizing experiences for hrm essay could be minimized Torrington, Hall, and Taylor, Therefore, the essence of this period was the growth of human and social relationships at the workplace.
Third theme constitutes the negotiated consent where personnel managers were more involved in bargaining activities as resource became scarce after the Second World War Torrington, Hall, and Taylor, During this period, trade unionism increased, hrm essay, and given human resource was scarce, bargaining for employee compensation in workplace took center stage Hrm essay, Hall, and Taylor, All these initiatives were largely developed and spearheaded with aim of accommodating new and emerging realities in the workplace. Here, personnel specialists became largely involved in developing techniques of manpower and workforce planning with aim to encourage effective and efficient recruitment, development, hrm essay, and retention of manpower with appropriate skills, hrm essay.
The HRM period emerged thereafter as early as s, hrm essay. This HRM theme has largely become involved in putting more emphasis on aspects of performance management, planning, monitoring, hrm essay, and control, flexibility and employee management Torrington, Hall, hrm essay, and Taylor, The hrm essay is on individual employees and its growth has been largely influenced by increasing globalization of the world, information technology and the emergence of neo-liberal economic policies, hrm essay.
This new concept has its origin in issues like increasing employer demands for competitive advantage in the dynamic and uncertain global business environment. As a result, it can be observed that majority of organizations are involved in management of people rather than management of jobs as the need to create an effective competitive edge become inevitable Torrington, Hall and Taylor, The development of Human Resource Management after the s period has been at faster rate. Goldsmith views HRM as a concept that has enjoyed popularity since its foundation in s, and although it has been used interchangeably with personnel management, HRM is seen to be different in many ways.
HRM in modern world can be seen to be interested in performing the earlier functions of personnel management such as recruitment, workforce training, remuneration, employee discipline, and many more, in a more enhanced manner Goldsmith, In addition, HRM has emerged as field that is more concerned with specific managerial and organizational philosophy, which considers people to be the critical resources for the development of HRM. In this regard, hrm essay, HRM is concerned with developing people to have necessary skills and knowledge for better performance Armstrong, Moreover, HRM has emerged as field concerned with integration of personnel management functions into the strategic management of the organization, and this hrm essay to do with realization that effective HRM strategies have ability to increase performance of an organization Goldsmith, Analyzing the development of HRM in the contemporary world indicates that, HRM constitutes a radical departure from the earlier concept of personnel management in many ways.
Personnel management is perceived as detached and neutral approach to staff, as it concentrated on operational focus, emphasis on technical skills, recruitment, hrm essay, and selection Price, On its part, HRM is pro-active approach that regards people as either assets or costs that have to be actively and efficiently managed. In this perspective, the intention of HRM in modern world is to depart from earlier goal of managing employees to management of people in view of long-term interests and goals of the organization Price, It can also be said that HRM in modern world is more of an integrated approach as compared to earlier personnel management hrm essay. The essence of this integration is largely to link all aspects of people management by developing meaningful and organized frameworks of operations, hrm essay.
Each element that is developed or innovated is supposed to fit into the pattern that ultimately meets the needs of the business. Moreover, HRM has emerged as a holistic concept that hrm essay concerned with the overall people requirements in an organization. In this view, it can be seen that HRM is promoting the shift towards more conceptual, hrm essay, high-level concerns such as the structure and culture of the organization and the provision of necessary competences Price, Torrington, Hall and Taylor observe that, HRM has developed in modern world to respond and fulfill strategic goals that majority of organizations in modern world have to develop. As a result, hrm essay, there have emerged three major debates characterizing the new paradigm of HRM: How to respond to current issues emerging which have direct impact on HRM; what actually should HRM managers do in the current scenario; and what long-term and future developments should be initiated in HRM Torrington, Hall and Taylor, First, HRM is currently concerned with attempts and strategies to innovate new approaches that can be used to manage people.
The second aspect of debate oscillates around inspiring motivation among managers of HRM to develop radical changes, especially in policy and practice in response to modern business dynamics. The last aspect of debates is geared at identifying long-term developments, hrm essay, especially with changing business environments. The contribution of HRM in modern world is immense, especially in transforming an organization into a competitive and performance-oriented hrm essay. This contribution can be explained through three major perspectives of HRM — universalistic perspective; contingency perspective; and configurational perspective. Universalistic perspective postulates hrm essay, there are HRM practices that are better than others are, and all organizations have the responsibility of adopting hrm essay best and appropriate practices for better performance.
Accordingly, the approach establishes that there is a universal relationship between an individual identified practice and the performance of the organization that adopts the practice Armstrong, The first principle is that, HRM practices are superior when they reflect universal applicability. Organizations have to select superior universal HRM practices that translate into increased performance of the organization, and HRM practices are independent, hence each practice is likely to impact differently on the organization, hrm essay. Contingency perspective postulates that Hrm essay concern should be to analyze external environments of business before any decision to adopt particular HRM practice is arrived at Marchington and Wilkinson, hrm essay, In evaluating which practice to have in the organization, Contingency approach goes beyond the financial performance aspects and suggests that, HRM is today hrm essay in developing excellent people management aspects that are innovative, customer satisfying, product quality, flexibility, and socially benefiting Marchington and Wilkinson, Contingency approaches have received wide acceptance, as they advocate for multiple alternatives and different perspectives an organization uses to have the best practices of management.
In configurational perspective, the concern in modern world has shifted towards analyzing and considering both internal and external fit of an organization, with emphasis on external environment Marchington and Wilkinson, As a result, the perspective contends that, HRM strategies have to interact with business strategies of an organization and this should happen according to organizational context, which later defines and determines business performance, hrm essay. HRM strategies should function in harmony with overall goals of the business and the set strategies.
The evolution of HRM to what it is in the new world constitutes a long journey that is characterized with numerous developments and changes at each stage. However, genuine growth of HRM became evident during and after industrial revolution as issuers of workers became prominently a concern of many people. Although great efforts have been made and there remain more to be done, it can be said that organizations will continually experience changes and this will define the growth of HRM. These changes and wider transformation of HRM to incorporate new changes of global world will largely help organizations achieve broad objectives in new business environment. As a result, development of HRM in this era is likely hrm essay be influenced by new developments and forces of globalization coupled with global governance hrm essay technology, hrm essay.
Moreover, hrm essay will have to develop appropriate HRM strategies that are in line with diverse differences across cultures. This should see convectional HRM strategies transformed into modern strategies that are performance oriented, and have ability to address the unique needs of each society and organization. Nevertheless, HRM has developed and grown to become critical element of management for modern organizations. Armstrong, M. A Handbook of Management Techniques: The Best Selling Guide to Modern Management Method. PA: Kogan Page Publishers. Bratton, J, hrm essay. Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice, hrm essay. NY: Routledge. Goldsmith, A. Human Resource Management for Hospitality Services.
OH: Cengage Learning EMEA. Marchington, M. Human Resource Management at Work: People Management and Development. London: CIPD. Price, A. Human Resource Management in a Business Context. Storey, J. Human Resource Management: A Critical Text. Torrington, D. Human Resource Management. London: Financial Times Prentice Hall, hrm essay. Need a custom Essay sample written from scratch by professional specifically for you? HR Management History and Present Days. Table of Contents. Introduction What is Human Resource Management? Pres HRM management Posts Hrm essay and the changes experienced Critical analysis of HRM in modern world Conclusion Reference List.
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WebStorey () defines that human resource management is an individual approach to employment management which seeks to achieve competitive advantage through the Web21/09/ · On its part, HRM is pro-active approach that regards people as either assets or costs that have to be actively and efficiently managed. In this perspective, the intention of Web5/10/ · Section 2: The Role of HRM. According to Mullins (), the role of human resources management is to ensure that management deals effectively with everything
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